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A disease or period of sickness affecting the body or mind.
Infectious diseases are caused by microscopic germs 

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pregnant

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<>Priyanka | Mylo Editor


ब्रोंकिइक्टेसिस एक ऐसी स्थिति है जिसमें फेफड़ों (एयरवेज) में ट्यूब को नुकसान होने के कारण थैलियां ...

अगर किसी वयस्क को ब्रोंकिइक्टेसिस की समस्या होती है, तो इसकी वजह से उसके एयरवेज बड़े हो जाते हैं या उसमें पाउचेस बन जाते हैं

ब्रोंकिइक्टेसिसः मतलब, प्रकार, कारण, लक्षण और इलाज

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Meconium Aspiration Syndrome (MAS) is a medical condition that affects newborn babies, usually occurring within the first 24 hours of life. When a baby takes their first breath, they can inhale meconium&mdash;a greenish-black substance that is produced in a baby&rsquo;s intestinal tract and passed out during the baby&rsquo;s first bowel movement. The inhalation of this substance prevents the baby from getting enough oxygen, leading to MAS. In this article, we will explore the symptoms, causes, and treatments for this dangerous condition.

<h2>What is meconium? </h2>

Meconium is the earliest stool of a newborn. It is thick, sticky, and dark green in colour. Unlike later stools, meconium is composed of materials ingested while in the womb. Meconium aspiration syndrome (MAS) occurs when a newborn inhales meconium, which can happen before or during delivery. When meconium is inhaled, it can cause lung infection and pneumonia. MAS can be a serious condition that requires immediate medical attention.

<h2>Meconium aspiration syndrome causes (MAS) </h2>

When meconium is aspirated into the lungs, it can cause inflammation and damage to the lung tissue. This can lead to respiratory distress and even death. MAS is more common in premature babies and babies who are small for gestational age. It occurs in about 1-2% of births overall. 
 
The most common symptom of MAS is grunting respirations immediately after birth. Other signs include rapid breathing, cyanosis (a bluish tint to the skin), low blood oxygen levels, and abnormal chest x-rays. Treatment of MAS generally involves providing supportive care to help the baby breathe until the lung damage heals. This may require mechanical ventilation and oxygen therapy. In some cases, surgery may be necessary to remove meconium from the lungs or repair damaged lung tissue.

<h2>Symptoms of meconium </h2>

While meconium is usually harmless, it can be dangerous if inhaled by a newborn. MAS can cause difficulty breathing, pneumonia, and other respiratory problems.

How to know if baby passed muconium in womb? The most common symptom of MAS is trouble breathing. Other symptoms may include:

<ul>
	<li>A bluish tint to the skin</li>
	<li>Rapid breathing</li>
	<li>Grunting noises while breathing</li>
	<li>Coughing</li>
	<li>Wheezing</li>
</ul>

<h2>Diagnosis of meconium </h2>

The symptoms of MAS vary depending on how much meconium the baby inhales. They range from mild respiratory distress to severe respiratory failure. In some cases, the baby may also have other problems, such as pneumonia or an infection. 
If your baby has any of these symptoms, it&#39;s important to get medical help right away. A doctor will likely do a physical exam and order tests, such as a chest X-ray or blood test, to confirm the diagnosis.

<h2>Treatment of meconium </h2>

The first step in treating MAS is to stabilize the baby&#39;s breathing. This may involve giving the baby oxygen through a mask or nasal cannula, providing positive pressure ventilation through a face mask or endotracheal tube, or both. Once the baby&#39;s breathing is under control, doctors will work to clear the meconium from the lungs. This may be done by suctioning the meconium from the mouth and nose, performing a bronchoscopy to remove it from the airways, or giving the baby medications to help loosen and expel it. 
In some cases, MAS can lead to pneumonia or other lung infections. These babies will need additional treatment with antibiotics. Some babies may also need supplemental nutrition if they are not able to feed well on their own. Babies with MAS usually recover without any long-term problems, but they will need close monitoring during their hospital stay and after they go home.

<h2>What problems might arise from meconium? </h2>

When meconium is aspirated into the lungs, it can cause inflammation and irritation. This can lead to difficulty breathing, decreased oxygen levels in the blood, and pneumonia. MAS can be a serious condition, but it&#39;s usually treatable with antibiotics and other supportive care.

<h2>How to prevent meconium </h2>

MAS can cause severe respiratory problems and even death. It is more common in premature babies, but can also occur in full-term babies. 
 
There are several things that can be done to prevent MAS:

<ul>
	<li>Perform regular ultrasounds during pregnancy to check the baby&#39;s position. If the baby is in the <a href="https://mylofamily.com/article/breech-baby-causes-risks-flipping-delivery-25657?">breech </a>position (bottom first), there is a higher risk of MAS. Your doctor may recommend a cesarean section (C-section) delivery to reduce this risk.</li>
	<li>Avoid using drugs during pregnancy that could increase the risk of MAS, such as cocaine or methamphetamine. These drugs can cause the baby to aspirate meconium while still in the womb.</li>
	<li>Do not <a href="https://mylofamily.com/article/smoking-and-use-of-tobacco-during-pregnancy-25037?">smoke cigarettes during pregnancy</a>. Smoking increases the risk of MAS and other respiratory problems in newborns.</li>
	<li>Ask your doctor about methods to speed up delivery if you go into labour before 37 weeks gestation. This may reduce the amount of time the baby spends exposed to meconium before birth.</li>
</ul>

We hope that our blog post was able to give you a clearer idea about what exactly Meconium Aspiration Syndrome is and how to deal with it. Understanding the symptoms of MAS is helpful as far as seeking medical help at the right time is concerned. If you found the information in this blog helpful, visit <a href="https://mylofamily.com/" rel="noreferrer noopener" target="_blank">Mylo Store</a> to read more blogs related to healthcare and parenting.

Breathlessness in pregnancy can become more troubling than awkward, making it difficult for your lungs to obtain the required amount of oxygen. There can be various reasons leading to breathlessness, including heart and lung problems. Some women briefly encounter breathlessness, while others encounter it over longer intervals. There are times when your developing infant moves under your stomach, ending up squashing your lungs. This causes rapid or quickened breathing. Also, acquiring weight during pregnancy causes you to experience breathlessness. 

Well, whatever the reason be, we have compiled a list of the eight best natural remedies to help with breathlessness during pregnancy. 

<h2 style="text-align:justify">How to Treat Breathlessness During Pregnancy Naturally</h2>

Here are the eight best natural remedies to help you deal with breathlessness during pregnancy:

<h3 style="text-align:justify">1. Warm liquids </h3>

If you are having trouble breathing, chances are, it&rsquo;s because of mucus collected in the windpipe. The best way to get rid of this is by drinking warm liquids like herbal tea, warm water, etc. You should consult your doctor about which herbal teas are safe to consume during pregnancy.

<h3 style="text-align:justify">2. Take steam </h3>

Exposing yourself to steam can help clear congestion and help with breathlessness. You can take direct steam. However, try to avoid taking a steam shower or hot shower because it may be unsafe for you and your baby. 

<h3 style="text-align:justify">3. Proper diet </h3>

A proper diet is essential for short breaths and overall health during pregnancy. Include plenty of vegetables and fruits in your diet to meet your body&rsquo;s nutrition quota. Moreover, studies suggest that vitamins C, D, and E help with respiratory health. So, adding vegetables and fruits like almonds, spinach, red meat, egg yolks, broccoli, tomatoes, oranges, etc., can be a good idea. 

<h3 style="text-align:justify">4. Say no to smoking </h3>

If you smoke, it is about time you consider quitting. It not only causes breathlessness but also directly harms the unborn baby. Even if someone around you smokes, you should steer away from them as passive smoking is equally harmful, if not more. 

<h3 style="text-align:justify">5. Pursed lip breathing </h3>

Pursed lip breathing helps make every breath more effective. It helps you keep your airways open for longer, helping with short breaths. 

Steps to do pursed-lip breathing: 

<ul>
	<li>
	Relax your shoulders and neck. 
	</li>
</ul>

<ul>
	<li>
	Slowly inhaling, counting up to two. 
	</li>
	<li>
	Position your lips as puckered, like you do when whistling. 
	</li>
	<li>
	Slowly exhale up to four counts. 
	</li>
	<li>
	Repeat it several times. 
	</li>
</ul>

<h3 style="text-align:justify">6. Sit and rest </h3>

No matter how elementary it might sound, resting while sitting on a chair can be an excellent way to help with breathlessness during pregnancy. All you have to do is: 

<ul>
	<li>
	Sit and rest on a chair, placing your feet flat on the floor. 
	</li>
	<li>
	Slightly lean forward your chest. 
	</li>
	<li>
	Rest elbows on the knees or hold your chin with your hands comfortably. 
	</li>
</ul>

<ul>
	<li>
	Relax your shoulder and neck muscles. 
	</li>
</ul>

<h3 style="text-align:justify">7. Drink Coffee </h3>

Although you should avoid drinking coffee during pregnancy, it&#39;s a great remedy for breathlessness. Caffeine is known for relaxing muscles in severe breathing problems like asthma. Having coffee can help you regulate your breathing for up to four hours. Consult your doctor about how much coffee is safe for you to consume during pregnancy.

<h3 style="text-align:justify">8. Sleep comfortably </h3>

There are high chances that you feel breathless while sleeping. Using pillows to support your back will help your lungs to breathe freely, pulling the uterus down. You should sleep on your side, preferably the left side to optimise your oxygen and blood flow. 

Conclusion 

Being pregnant is like being a new woman. There are so many new things that you need to be accustomed to that even keeping track of everything is challenging. 

If you are facing breathlessness, you can try these natural remedies and tricks for comfort. If you still feel breathlessness after these tricks, it might be time to consult a doctor.

Parenthood is one of the most beautiful feelings. Parenthood brings not only joy and happiness but also a grave responsibility as well. It is needless to say, and even a small change can become a severe cause of concern for the parents. 

While the young ones are just developing, they can often develop irregular respiratory patterns. Because their vitals are still developing, their breathing rate might be higher than usual. They might also take long breaks between respirations and make unusual noises. But it is imperative to understand that a child&#39;s respiratory system differs from that of an adult. 

Newborns might breathe from their mouths rather than the nose. They have amniotic fluid and meconium in the airway right from birth, smaller breathing cycles, etc. It is normal to have certain differences between children&#39;s and adult&#39;s breathing patterns and habits. 

Still, parents need to pay extra attention to a new-born child&#39;s breathing to spot any abnormality and get a solution to it at the soonest. 

In case you feel suspicious, it is safe to contact your doctor just to be sure. 

Irregular breathing can be very problematic and cause parental anxiety. But, not knowing what to expect and what not to can become even more stressful. 

So, we have compiled a list of five things that you should be aware of when it comes down to your child&#39;s breathing. 

<ul>
	<li>
	Notice child&rsquo;s breathing cycle 
	</li>
</ul>

Notice and learn your child&#39;s regular respiratory habits to be later able to recognize any problem or difference. 

<ul>
	<li>
	Record and share your child&rsquo;s breathing with your doctor 
	</li>
</ul>

Record your baby&#39;s breathing and share it with the doctor to get an expert opinion. Moreover, many health professionals now offer online appointments or email communications, saving you from unnecessary travel. 

<ul>
	<li>
	Babies should always sleep on their backs 
	</li>
</ul>

According to a study, your baby should sleep on his back at all times. Doing so reduces the risk of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). If your baby has a respiratory infection and does not sleep well, ask your doctor to find safe ways to get rid of congestion. Also, it&#39;s not safe to prop them up or put their cradles on a slope. 

<ul>
	<li>
	Thick mucus 
	</li>
</ul>

Physiological serum drops, sold over the counter at pharmacies, can help cure thick mucus. 

<ul>
	<li>
	Wear them breathable clothes 
	</li>
</ul>

Sometimes, an infant&rsquo;s breathing rate gets higher when disturbed or exposed to heat. You should dress your baby up in breathable clothes. 

Conclusion 

Babies tend to breathe quicker than older children and adults. There are times when they make unusual noises. It is rare for infants to have difficulty breathing due to a severe medical condition. You must be able to tell immediately if your baby has <a href="https://mylofamily.com/article/your-heart-stops-beating-when-your-baby-feels-breathless-here-are-15-things-to-know-about-infant-breathlessness-12919">respiratory problems</a>. Become familiar with your baby&#39;s usual breathing habits and get help immediately if anything seems to go awry.

While pregnancy is a wonderful experience in a woman&rsquo;s life, it does have its share of ups and down. Being fearful and anxious about pregnancy is a common refrain among many women. Pregnancy brings along a lot of physical, emotional and mental changes which can have a significant impact on increasing these fears and worries. But such fear is very normal to have and you can overcome them by following these six tips. 

<ol start="1">
	<li>
	Most feelings of fear during pregnancy are centered on potential of harm to the baby such as accidently rolling over the belly during sleep, miscarriage, premature birth, baby&rsquo;s stunted development, childbirth complications, labor related issues etc. Just remember that these are very common worries to have and you should simply relax and not be overly worried about them as long as your pregnancy is carrying along smoothly. 
	</li>
</ol>

<ol start="2">
	<li>
	Talking and discussing with your husband, friends or family members about what is bothering you is an excellent way to get rid of pregnancy related anxieties. Expressing yourself can not only help you gain insights but also allows you to vent your feelings and not keep them bottled up inside you. 
	</li>
</ol>

<ol start="3">
	<li>
	Nothing beats fear like knowledge. So, go ahead and learn more about pregnancy and childbirth and you will realize it becomes easier for you to deal with your fear. You can tap into a variety of sources like your doctor, books, genuine websites and forums on internet and antenatal classes to enhance your pregnancy related knowledge. 
	</li>
</ol>

<ol start="4">
	<li>
	Regular exercise and activities like yoga, meditation, reading and music will help in reducing stress and anxiety and also keep your mind relaxed during the pregnancy. 
	</li>
</ol>

<ol start="5">
	<li>
	Learn and be aware about all child birth and pain management options much before your due date as a lot of fear is due to negative thoughts about pain during labor and birthing complications. Being prepared will make you confident and help you get rid of such fear. 
	</li>
</ol>

<ol start="6">
	<li>
	You should break down what you need during each stage of pregnancy and not just spend all your energy being stressed and scared about labor and delivery. This way you can easily deal with each pregnancy stage and any associated worries instead of getting consumed by fear and anxiety. 
	</li>
</ol>

And last but not the least, imagine your baby and how good it will be to have him in your life rather than just staying stressed about pregnancy and labor. 

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ब्रोंकिइक्टेसिस एक ऐसी स्थिति है जिसमें फेफड़ों (एयरवेज) में ट्यूब को नुकसान होने के कारण थैलियां फैल जाती हैं या फूल जाती हैं। इसकी वजह से म्यूकस लंग्स से बाहर नहीं निकल पाता और इस वजह से बार-बार संक्रमण हो सकता है। खांसी आने पर पस और म्यूकस आना ब्रोंकिइक्टेसिस का मुख्य लक्षण है। इसका इलाज संभव नहीं है लेकिन दवाइयों से इसे मैनेज किया जा सकता है।

<h2> 
ब्रोंकिइक्टेसिस क्या है? (What is Bronchiectasis?)</h2>

 
ब्रोंकिइक्टेसिस एक ऐसी स्थिति है जिसमें फेफड़ों (एयरवेज) में ट्यूब को नुकसान होता है और वे फैल जाती हैं। इसकी वजह से वे म्यूकस आसानी से लंग्स से बाहर नहीं निकाल पाता। इस वजह से म्यूकोसा में और ज़्यादा बैक्टेरिया पनपने लगते हैं जो फेफड़ों में ज़्यादा सूजन और नुकसान पहुंचाने का काम करते हैं। इसकी वजह से तेज खांसी आती है क्योंकि शरीर संक्रमित म्यूकस को बाहर निकालने की कोशिश करता है। 
फेफड़ों (एयरवेज या ब्रोंकी) में जाने वाली ट्यूब में कैप होती है तो इन्हें बीमारी से बचाती है। हालांकि, कभी-कभी संक्रमित करने वाली सलाइवा इन सुरक्षा कवच को भेद देती है। जब म्यूकस नहीं निकल पाता है, तो यह एयरवेज को नुकसान पहुंचाता है। 
कोई नुकसान पहुंचाने वाला पार्टिकल अगर सांस लेने के दौरान म्यूकस में फंस जाता है। इसके बाद, बालों की तरह बिलकुल छोटे आकार के लाखों स्ट्रक्चर (सीलिआ) आपस में मिलकर लहर बनाते हैं ताकि म्यूकस को फेफड़ों से बाहर किया जा सके। इसे म्यूकोसिलिलरी क्लेरेंस कहा जाता है। जब कोई खांसता या म्यूकस को निकलता है, तो इस सिस्टम के हिस्से मालफंक्शनिंग करते हैं, अगर सीलिआ डैमेज हो जाते हैं या म्यूकस एयरवेज में ब्लॉक हो जाता है, अगर म्यूकस लंग्स में फंस जाता है तो फंसे हुए मॉलीक्यूल को पेट में बनने वाला एसिड छोटे टुकड़ों में तोड़ देता है। बैक्टेरिया म्यूकस में फंस जाते हैं और लगातार बढ़ते हुए संक्रमण फैलाते हैं। इस संक्रमण की वजह से होने वाले नुकसान को ब्रोंकिइक्टेसिस कहा जाता है।

<h2> 
ब्रोंकिइक्टेसिस के लक्षण (Bronchiectasis Symptoms)</h2>

<h3> 
ब्रोंकिइक्टेसिस के लक्षण ये हैं,</h3>

 

<ul>
	<li>पस और के साथ आने वाली खांसी</li>
	<li>बार-बार होने वाली सर्दी</li>
	<li>बदबूदार कफ</li>
	<li>सांस लेने में परेशानी</li>
	<li>सांस लेने में परेशानी के साथ खांसी में खून आना</li>
	<li>ऊंगलियों के पोर और नाखूनों में सूजन</li>
</ul>

कभी-कभी, लक्षण हल्के हो सकते हैं, यह इस पर निर्भर होता है कि ब्रोंकिइक्टेसिस की वजह क्या है, लेकिन कई बार अचानक तेज होने की वजह से उत्तेजना हो सकती है। ब्रोंकिइक्टेसिस के लक्षण इस दौरान बिगड़ सकते हैं। बढ़े हुए लक्षणों में ये शामिल हैं,

<ul>
	<li>बहुत ज़्यादा थकान।</li>
	<li>बुखार।</li>
	<li>ठंड लगना।</li>
	<li>सांस लेने में परेशानी।</li>
	<li>रात में पसीना होना।</li>
</ul>

<h2> 
ब्रोंकिइक्टेसिस के प्रकार (Types of Bronchiectasis)</h2>

ब्रोंकिइक्टेसिस की दो मुख्य कैटगरी होती हैं- सीस्टिक और नॉन- सीस्टिक फाइब्रोसिस

1. सिस्टिक फाइब्रोसिस ब्रोंकिइक्टेसिस (सीएफबी) (Cystic Fibrosis Bronchiectasis (CFB)) 
सिस्टिक फाइब्रोसिस (सीएफ) एक जेनेटिक कंडिशन है जिसमें मरीज के लंग्स में गाढ़ा म्यूकस बनता है और सीने में संक्रमण होता ही रहता है। ब्रोंकिइक्टेसिस की तरह सूजन और संक्रमण तेजी से ब्रोंकी को डैमेज करता है मरीज में ब्रोंकिइक्टेसिस के लक्षण दिखने लगते हैं।

2. नॉन-सिस्टिक फाइब्रोसिस ब्रोंकिइक्टेसिस (एनसीएफबी) (Non-Cystic Fibrosis Bronchiectasis (NCFB)) 
मरीज को सिस्टिक फाइब्रोसिस के अलावा भी ब्रोंकिइक्टेसिस हो सकता है। उदाहरण के लिए, अगर किसी मरीज को सीओपीडी (क्रोनिक ऑब्स्ट्रक्टिव पल्मोनरी डीसीज) है, डैमेज हो चुके सीलिया (छोटे बालों जैसे स्ट्रक्चर जो कि ब्रोंकियल ट्यूब में मौजूद होते हैं और फेफड़ों से म्यूकस निकालने में मदद करते हैं), दमे की शिकायत हो या कमजोर मस्कुलर और नर्वस सिस्टम हो जो प्राकृतिक तरीके से म्यूकस निकालने में सक्षण न हो, तो उनमें ब्रोंकिइक्टेसिस के लक्षण दिख सकते हैं।

एनसीएफबी की तीन सब-कैटगरीज हैं-

1. सीलिंड्रिकल या ट्यूब्यूलर 
2. वेरिकोज 
3. सीस्टिक

<h2> 
ब्रोंकिइक्टेसिस से कौन प्रभावित होता है? (Who is Affected by Bronchiectasis?)</h2>

ऐसी कंडिशन वाले लोग जिसमें फेफड़े डैमेज हो जाते या फेफड़े में संक्रमण का खतरा बढ़ जाता है उनमें ब्रोंकिइक्टेसिस का खतरा होता है। इस कंडिशन के उदाहरणों में ये शामिल हैं,

<ul>
	<li>सिस्टिक फाइब्रोसिस, ब्रोंकिइक्टेसिस का मुख्य कारण है।</li>
	<li>एक और सामान्य कारण है इम्यून सिस्टम की कमजोरी या कम सामान्य कारणों में एचआईवी और एड्स भी हैं।</li>
	<li>एलर्जिक ब्रोंकियल एस्परजिलोसिस एक एलर्जिक रिएक्शन है जो एक फंगस एस्पजिलोसिस से होती है।</li>
	<li>प्राइमरी सिलिअरी डाइकीनेसिया जैसी सिलिअरी फंक्सन को प्रभावित करने वाली बीमारी से भी ब्रोंकिइक्टेसिस हो सकता है।</li>
	<li>क्रोनिक (लंबे समय वाली) पल्मोनरी एस्पीरेशन जिसकी वजह से एयरवेज प्रभावित होते हैं।</li>
	<li>संयोजी ऊतक रोग जैसे रूमेटाइड आर्थराइटिस, सजोग्रेन सिंड्रोम, और क्रोहन डिसीज।</li>
</ul>

<h2>क्या ब्रोंकिइक्टेसिस एक आम समस्या है? (Is Bronchiectasis a common condition?)</h2>

 
ब्रोंकाइक्टेसिस एक आम लेकिन अक्सर उपेक्षित बीमारी है। संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका और यूरोप में अधिकांश महामारी विज्ञान के आंकड़ों का पता लगाया जा सकता है। कम और मध्यम आय वाले देशों में ये मामले कम हैं या रिपोर्ट नहीं किए गए हैं और उनका निदान भी नहीं किया गया है। भारत में, टीबी को अक्सर ब्रोंकाइक्टेसिस के मुख्य कारणों में से एक माना जाता है।

 

<h2>ब्रोंकिइक्टेसिस का इलाज (Bronchiectasis treatment)</h2>

 
 
ब्रोंकोडाइलेटर थैरेपी से संक्रमित म्यूकस को हटाने और बैक्टेरिया कम करने के लिए सूजन को कम किया जा सकता है। ब्रोंकाइक्टेसिस के इलाज में ये तरीके शामिल है,

<ul>
	<li>एंटीबायोटिक्सः इनसे बैक्टेरिया की वजह से होने वाले इंफेक्शन का इलाज किया जाता है।</li>
	<li>मैक्रोलाइडस- ड्रग जो कि संक्रमण और सूजन दोनों को ठीक करती है।</li>
	<li>एक्सपेक्टोरेंट और म्यूकोलाईटिक्स- ये दवाइयां म्यूकस को पतला करती हैं और खांसी में मदद करती हैं।</li>
	<li>फिजिकल थैरेपी।</li>
	<li>पॉश्चरल ड्रैनेज और चेस्ट थ्रस्ट की मदद से म्यूकस को ढीला करने और निकालने में मदद मिलती है।</li>
	<li>सांस लेने से जुड़े व्यायाम से एयरवेज को खोलने में मदद करते हैं।</li>
	<li>मेडिकल उपकरणः ओसीलेटिंग पॉजीटिव एयरवेज प्रेशर (पीईपी) डिवाइस और शॉक एब्जॉर्बर म्यूकस को शरीर से बाहर निकालने में मदद करते हैं।</li>
</ul>

<h2> 
ब्रोंकाइटिस और ब्रोंकाइक्टेसिस में क्या अंतर है? (What is the difference between bronchitis and bronchiectasis?)</h2>

ब्रोंकाइक्टेसिस के लक्षण ब्रोंकाइटिस की तरह ही होते हैं मसलन फेफड़ों में म्यूकस और खांसी। लेकिन, ब्रोंकाइक्टेसिस की वजह से एयरवेज स्थायी तौर पर बढ़ जाते हैं जबकि ब्रोंकाइटिस एक अस्थायी संक्रमण है जिसमें कोई स्थायी डैमेज नहीं होता है। ब्रोंकाइटिस बनाम ब्रोंकाइक्टेसिस के बीच अंतर का खुलासा बहुत पुराना है। ब्रोंकिइक्टेसिस बनाम ब्रोंकाइटिस पर डिसक्लोजर बहुत पहले दिया जा चुका है और लोग अक्सर इन दोनों में भ्रमित हो जाते हैं। लेकिन, असर के मामले में ये दोनों ही बहुत अलग हैं। इसलिए, यह जरूरी है कि ब्रोंकाइटिस बनाम ब्रोंकाइक्टेसिस पर अच्छी तरह रिसर्च की जाए। 
यह सुझाव दिया जाता है कि ब्रोंकिइक्टेसिस के किसी भी तरह के इलाज से पहले अपने डॉक्टर से कंसल्ट जरूर करें।

 

इसे भी पढ़ें : <a href="https://mylofamily.com/hi/article/-%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%20%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%20%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8-199724">ब्रोंकिइक्टेसिसः मतलब, प्रकार, कारण, लक्षण और इलाज</a>

Some women suspect that they are carrying twins from the beginning of their pregnancy whereas some women get completely surprised when they come to know about twin pregnancy after their first ultrasound scan report. In this article, we will discuss everything about twin pregnancy, the symptoms of twins in pregnancy, the difference between single and twin pregnancy symptoms, the risks involved and much more.

<h2>What is a twin pregnancy? </h2>

Twin pregnancy is a rare occurrence which happens when there are two foetuses in the uterus at the same time. To accommodate two babies in your womb, the baby bump will appear bigger than normal and you might also experience more severe twin pregnancy symptoms.

<h2>What are the possibilities of getting twins? </h2>

The possibility of conceiving twins naturally is low since it is a type of multiple pregnancy. Twins pregnancy occurs in 1 out of every 250 pregnancies approximately.

<h2>What are the symptoms of twin pregnancy? </h2>

From the beginning of your pregnancy, your body undergoes massive changes and produces different types of hormones. If you want to know the difference between single and twin pregnancy symptoms, then here are some symptoms of twins in pregnancy:

<h3>1. Elevated hCG levels </h3>

The presence of human chorionic gonadotropin hormone is generally high in your blood and urine sample from the beginning of your pregnancy. The higher levels of hCG in the first two weeks also lead to the development of the zygote and implantation. Undoubtedly it is one of the symptoms of twins in pregnancy. However, for confirmation, the doctor will recommend you undergo a transvaginal ultrasound scan by the 8th week of your pregnancy.

<h3>2. Morning sickness in extreme </h3>

Some women complain of experiencing severe morning sickness at any time of the day while expecting a twin. From the beginning of the first trimester, many women feel nauseated and their vomiting is also in excess because of multifetal gestation. The morning sickness slowly fades at the end of their first trimester.

<h3>3. Mother&rsquo;s intuition</h3>

Some women are asymptomatic at the beginning or might experience normal symptoms of pregnancy which include cramping, nausea, breast tenderness, fatigue, and vomiting. These signs and symptoms exaggerate as the journey of twin pregnancy proceeds and sometimes many women instinctively guess that they are expecting twins. These intuition-based feelings are quite common because some women also get dreams of having twins. You must not feel ashamed to speak to the doctor about your gut feelings.

<h3>4. Excess weight gain </h3>

Gaining weight in pregnancy is obvious but in the case of twin pregnancy or multiple pregnancy, women tend to gain more weight from the beginning. The amount of weight gain also depends on certain factors like your body type, height, and if any chronic disease persists.

<h3>5. Extreme fatigue </h3>

Feeling exhausted, lethargic, and drowsy are some of the common complaints that are made by almost every pregnant woman but if you are carrying twins these symptoms get exaggerated. If you are feeling more tired as compared to your last pregnancy then certainly it is one of the important signs that will give you a hint of your twins pregnancy.

When you are carrying twins, your body will automatically demand more food and that increases your appetite. To accommodate two babies in your womb later on the baby bump will appear bigger than normal. You might also experience severe mood swings because of the excess production of hormones during pregnancy. Shortness of breath and cramping are also some of the common signs but if in excess you must have a word with your doctor.

<h2>What signs indicate a twin pregnancy? </h2>

Here are the early signs and symptoms of twins in pregnancy that you must look out for:

<ul>
	<li>
	Early foetal movement
	</li>
	<li>
	Foetal movements in more than one area
	</li>
	<li>
	Fundal height greater than gestational age
	</li>
	<li>
	Rapid weight gain
	</li>
</ul>

<ul>
	<li>
	High hCG levels
	</li>
	<li>
	Hearing more than one heartbeat during the foetal Doppler test
	</li>
</ul>

<h2>What is the procedure for confirming a twin pregnancy? </h2>

The twin pregnancy is confirmed by your gynecologist who makes sure you undergo a clinical evaluation, an ultrasound scan, a doppler heartbeat count, and an MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging).

<h2>How is the belly of a pregnant twin different from the tummy of a singleton? </h2>

Compared to the belly of a singleton pregnancy, your baby bump will begin to show early on during a twin pregnancy. Because of your fast-growing baby bump and rapid weight gain, you may outgrow your clothes quickly. You may need maternity clothes within a short period after finding out you&rsquo;re carrying twins. Women tend to gain around 22 kg weight during a twin pregnancy compared to 13 kg for a singleton baby.

<h2>Different types of twins </h2>

Twins can either be fraternal or identical.

<h3>1. Fraternal Twins </h3>

Fraternal twins develop when two sperm fertilise two different eggs in one cycle. This leads to a separate placenta for each baby. The DNA of fraternal twins is similar to that of siblings of different ages. The twins may or may not have the same sex.

<h3>2. Identical Twins </h3>

Identical twins occur when a single embryo from one egg and one sperm divides into two embryos. The identical twins may or may not share the same placenta. Identical twins always share the same sex.

With identical twins, there is an extremely rare chance of having conjoined twins i.e., when the embryo doesn&rsquo;t fully divide. The babies&rsquo; bodies are joined together and may share some vital organs. Chest or abdomen are the most common points of fusion because of which the twins may share a liver or heart.

<h2>How do I become pregnant with twins? </h2>

Certain circumstances can increase your chances of twin pregnancy or multiple pregnancies and they are as follows:

<h3>1. Family history </h3>

If the pregnant woman has a family history of fraternal twins, then the chances of expecting twins are usually higher.

<h3>2. Fertility treatments </h3>

If the woman has undergone fertility treatment like IVF (In vitro fertilization), then her chances of having twins increase.

<h3>3. Maternal age </h3>

If the age of the mother is over 35 years old, she is likely to release multiple eggs during ovulation.

<h3>4. Obesity </h3>

Women with a Body Mass Index higher than 25 or those who are obese are more likely to conceive twins.

<h3>5. Personal history </h3>

If you had twins or experienced hormonal fluctuations during your previous pregnancy, then you&rsquo;re more likely to have a twin pregnancy again.

<h2>How can fertility treatments increase the chances of twins? </h2>

When you undergo a fertility treatment such as In Vitro Fertilisation (IVF), you&rsquo;re given fertility drugs which cause you to release more than one egg per cycle. Or you may have more than one embryo implanted during the IVF. Additionally, it&rsquo;s also possible for the implanted embryo to split in early pregnancy after an IVF.

<h2>How is prenatal care different for twin pregnancies? </h2>

With a twin pregnancy, both the expecting mother and her twins face a higher risk of pregnancy and birth complications. As a result, prenatal checkups are required more frequently with twins pregnancy to detect issues at the earliest. Because the risk of complications is higher during a twin pregnancy, many expecting mothers receive prenatal care from obstetricians specialising in high-risk pregnancies.

<h2>Types of problems related to twin pregnancies? </h2>

Some of the complications that arise during a twin pregnancy include:

<ul>
	<li>
	Anemia
	</li>
	<li>
	Congenital defects like spina bifida
	</li>
	<li>
	Gestational diabetes
	</li>
	<li>
	Preeclampsia
	</li>
</ul>

<ul>
	<li>
	Low or too much amniotic fluid
	</li>
	<li>
	Placental abruption
	</li>
	<li>
	Twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome
	</li>
	<li>
	Premature labor
	</li>
</ul>

If the twins are delivered prematurely, they may be at a risk of additional complications such as:

<ul>
	<li>
	Brain bleeds
	</li>
	<li>
	Difficulty breathing from underdeveloped lungs
	</li>
	<li>
	Difficulty staying warm
	</li>
	<li>
	Feeding problems
	</li>
	<li>
	Low birth weight
	</li>
</ul>

<h2>When are twins born? </h2>

The full gestational period of a normal pregnancy is 40 weeks. However, most twin pregnancies run the risk of going into preterm labor. As a result, the twins may be born at approximately 36 weeks. The average range of delivery for a twin pregnancy is 32-38 weeks.

<h2>Tips to Follow When Carrying Twins </h2>

Here are a few tips that you must keep in mind if you are carrying twins or multiples:

<ul>
	<li>
	Your doctor might warn you that you are having a high-risk pregnancy. You must schedule your prenatal appointments, tests, and ultrasound scans in advance.
	</li>
</ul>

<ul>
	<li>
	Eat a nutritionally balanced diet that includes whole wheat, a variety of fluids, seasonal fruits, colorful vegetables, and some healthy snacks.
	</li>
	<li>
	Do not hesitate or feel ashamed to ask for help from your friends and family during pregnancy. You must not exert your body and take plenty of rest.
	</li>
	<li>
	Practicing prenatal yoga under the supervision of a certified trainer is advisable during a twin pregnancy.
	</li>
</ul>

<h3>References</h3>

1. Gill P, Lende MN, Van Hook JW. (June,2022). Twin Births. NCBI

Bronchiectasis is a condition in which damage to the tubes in the lungs (airways) causes the sacs to dilate or swell. This can make it difficult for mucus to clear from the lungs and lead to frequent infections. A cough with lots of pus and mucus is the main symptom of bronchiectasis. Like <a href="https://mylofamily.com/article/treating-bronchiolitis-in-toddlers-101188">bronchiolitis</a>, bronchiectasis cannot be cured but it can be managed with symptom treatment.

<h2>What is Bronchiectasis? </h2>

Bronchiectasis is a lung disease in which the airways (tubes leading to the lungs) become damaged and enlarged. Damaged airways cannot clear mucus normally. The bacteria then grow in the mucosa causing more inflammation and damage to the lungs. This causes a violent cough as the body tries to expel the infected mucus. The tubes that enter the lungs (airways or bronchi) have a cap to protect them from disease. Although sometimes inflammatory saliva is one of these defences. When mucus cannot be removed it can cause long-term damage to the airways.

Any harmful particles in the mucus get trapped in the airways during inhalation of air. Then millions of tiny hair-like structures (cilia) use a coordinated movement like waves to wash the mucus out of the lungs. This is called mucociliary clearance. When someone coughs or swallows mucus, part of this system malfunctions&mdash;if the cilia are damaged or mucus is blocked in the airways&mdash;the trapped molecules are broken down by stomach acid in case of a build-up mucus in the lungs. Bacteria get trapped in the mucus and multiply causing infection. Damage caused by such infection can make bronchiectasis worse.

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<h2>Bronchiectasis Symptoms </h2>

Bronchiectasis symptoms include:

<ul>
	<li>Cough with a lot of phlegm and pus</li>
	<li>Frequent colds</li>
	<li>Bad-smelling phlegm</li>
	<li>Shortness of breath (dyspnea)</li>
	<li>Coughing up blood (hemoptysis)</li>
	<li>Swollen fingertips and swollen nails</li>
</ul>

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Sometimes, depending on bronchiectasis causes, the symptoms may be moderate, but one can have a sudden flare-up resulting in an exacerbation. Bronchiectasis symptoms get worse during such episodes. Aggravating symptoms include:

<ul>
	<li>Extreme fatigue</li>
	<li>Fever</li>
	<li>Chills</li>
	<li>Shortness of breath</li>
	<li>Night sweats</li>
</ul>

 

<h2>Types of Bronchiectasis </h2>

There are two main categories of bronchiectasis - cystic and non-cystic fibrosis.

<h3>Cystic Fibrosis Bronchiectasis (CFB) </h3>

Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a genetic condition in which thick mucus builds up in patients&#39; lungs causing recurrent pulmonary infections. Similar to bronchiectasis, each cycle of inflammation and infection progressively damages the bronchi, and patients show signs of bronchiectasis.

<h3>Non-Cystic Fibrosis Bronchiectasis (NCFB) </h3>

Patients can also develop bronchiectasis outside of CF. For instance, if a patient is living with COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease); has damaged cilia (tiny hair-like structures inside the bronchial tube that help clear mucus in the lungs); experiences asthma; or has impaired muscular and nervous system functions that prevent them from clearing mucus naturally, they may develop bronchiectasis symptoms.

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<h2>Who is Affected by Bronchiectasis? </h2>

People with conditions that damage the lungs or increase the risk of lung infections are at risk for bronchitis. Examples of such conditions include,

<ul>
	<li>Cystic fibrosis is the main bronchiectasis cause</li>
	<li>A common variable is immunodeficiency and less commonly HIV and AIDS</li>
	<li>Allergic bronchial aspergillosis is an allergic reaction to a fungus called Aspergillus</li>
	<li>Disorders affecting ciliary function such as primary ciliary dyskinesia can cause bronchiectasis</li>
	<li>Chronic (long-term) pulmonary aspiration that irritates the airways</li>
	<li>Connective tissue diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, Sj&ouml;gren&#39;s syndrome</li>
	<li>Crohn&#39;s disease</li>
</ul>

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<h2>Is Bronchiectasis a common condition? </h2>

Bronchiectasis is a common but often ignored disease. Most of the epidemiological data can be traced to cohorts in the USA and Europe. Cases in low and middle-income countries are low or not reported and diagnosed. In India, the previous history of tuberculosis is often considered to be one of the main bronchiectasis causes.

<h2>Bronchiectasis treatment </h2>

Bronchodilator therapy helps reduce inflammation to kill bacteria and clear infected mucus. The most common bronchiectasis treatment includes,

<ul>
	<li>Antibiotics: They can treat infections caused by bacteria.</li>
	<li>Macrolides - Drugs that treat both infection and inflammation.</li>
	<li>Expectorants and mucolytics - These medicines thin mucus and help with coughing.</li>
	<li>Physical therapy.</li>
	<li>Postural drainage and chest thrusts can help loosen and eliminate mucus.</li>
	<li>Breathing exercises help open the airways.</li>
	<li>Medical equipment - Oscillating positive airway pressure (PEP) devices and shock absorbers can malfunction and force mucus out of the lungs.</li>
</ul>

You may also like: <a href="https://mylofamily.com/article/childhood-disorders-meaning-symptoms-treatment-199627">Childhood Disorders: Meaning, Symptoms &amp; Treatment</a>

<h2>What is the difference between bronchitis and bronchiectasis? </h2>

Bronchiectasis symptoms are similar to those of bronchitis including mucus in the lungs and cough. But bronchiectasis causes permanent enlargement of the airways, whereas bronchitis is a temporary infection that does not cause permanent damage. The discourse on bronchiectasis vs bronchitis goes back a long way. And people often mistake one for the other. But they are significantly different in their impacts. It is thus important to do enough research on <a href="https://mylofamily.com/article/bronchitis-vs-bronchiolitis-193558">bronchitis vs bronchiectasis</a>.

In conclusion, bronchiectasis is a chronic lung condition that can lead to serious health complications if left untreated. It is most advisable to seek guidance from a medical practitioner before proceeding with any form of bronchiectasis treatment.

Bronchiolitis and bronchitis are clinically different conditions. However, both have uncanny similarities in their causes and symptoms, and sometimes in their treatment courses as well. A similarity between them, for example, is that both conditions cause inflammation but the difference is that they affect different parts of the lungs. Main bronchitis and bronchiolitis difference is that bronchitis involves inflammation of the airways leading to the bronchi whereas bronchiolitis involves inflammation of the small airways that branch off from the bronchi called bronchioles. They are common infections that can occur in people of any age.

<h2>Difference between bronchiolitis and bronchitis </h2>

Bronchitis is usually nothing to worry about. But it can lead to more serious diseases like pneumonia. It is not a good idea to ignore bronchitis especially if someone has been experiencing symptoms very frequently. Frequent cases of bronchitis may indicate the presence of a chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) that needs immediate treatment.

On the other hand, many cases of bronchiolitis are mild and can be easily treated. They are no worse than the common cold. However, if severe bronchiolitis is not treated wheezing can recur and reduce the quality of life. This complication can continue until puberty. This condition can be fatal if severe cases are not treated.

Most children recover at home within 3 to 5 days or are discharged within 5 days of admission, while some may take up to a week to return to normal.

<h2>What are the symptoms of bronchitis and bronchiolitis? </h2>

Differentiating between bronchiolitis and bronchitis can sometimes be difficult because their symptoms are so similar. However, the areas affected by them are different. This is a significant Bronchitis and Bronchiloitis difference. The severity of symptoms in both conditions can vary from mild to severe.

<h2>Bronchitis Symptoms </h2>

Symptoms of bronchitis include

<ul>
	<li>
	Cough that produces shortness of breath with mucus
	</li>
	<li>
	Mild fever
	</li>
</ul>

<ul>
	<li>
	Chills
	</li>
	<li>
	Tiredness
	</li>
	<li>
	Pain or tightness in the chest
	</li>
</ul>

If the cough lasts longer than three weeks or keeps the affected person awake for nights at stretch, they should immediately see a doctor. Severe symptoms of bronchitis include

<ul>
	<li>
	Cough
	</li>
</ul>

<ul>
	<li>
	Whistling or bright green mucus
	</li>
	<li>
	Bloody sputum
	</li>
</ul>

<h2>Bronchiolitis Symptoms </h2>

Symptoms of bronchiolitis include

<ul>
	<li>
	Raspy and dry cough
	</li>
</ul>

<ul>
	<li>
	Wheezing
	</li>
	<li>
	Moderate fever
	</li>
	<li>
	Stuffy nose
	</li>
	<li>
	Runny nose
	</li>
</ul>

In infants, bronchiolitis symptoms may be severe and can include

<ul>
	<li>
	Breathing difficulty
	</li>
	<li>
	A pulse rate of 50 to 60
	</li>
	<li>
	High fever around the mark of 101 degrees
	</li>
	<li>
	Irritability
	</li>
	<li>
	Fatigue
	</li>
</ul>

<ul>
	<li>
	Appetite loss
	</li>
	<li>
	A tinge of blue color on the face
	</li>
</ul>

<h2>What causes bronchiolitis and bronchitis? </h2>

A combination of factors may lead to bronchitis and/or bronchiolitis.

<h3>Bronchiolitis </h3>

According to the American Lung Association, bronchiolitis often occurs in young children. The cause is usually viral and the respiratory syncytial virus is the most common infectious agent in bronchiolitis. It can happen at any time of the year but is more common in winter.

<h3>Acute Bronchitis </h3>

According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), viruses are the most common cause of acute bronchitis. In some cases, viral infections such as the common cold can develop into bronchitis. Less commonly, it may be a bacterial infection leading to bronchitis.

<h3>Chronic Bronchitis </h3>

Chronic bronchitis, on the other hand, often develops over time from exposure to environmental stimuli such as smoking, biomass fuel smoke or air pollution. This is also a long-term condition.

<h2>How are bronchiolitis and bronchitis diagnosed? </h2>

Respiratory infections including bronchitis and bronchiolitis often have similar symptoms. This can complicate the diagnosis. For this reason, the diagnosis sometimes rules out other lung conditions such as pneumonia and asthma. A doctor usually analyzes a person&#39;s medical history and reviews symptoms in diagnosing bronchitis and bronchiolitis. The doctor also performs a physical examination where they measure oxygen levels and listen for chest sounds. In some cases, they may also order blood tests and a chest X-ray to check for signs of infection.

To diagnose bronchiolitis a healthcare professional performs a test called a nasopharyngeal swab that checks for the respiratory syncytial virus. This virus is the most common cause of bronchiolitis infection, which is the major point of difference between bronchitis and bronchiolitis.

<h2>Treatment for Bronchitis and Bronchiolitis </h2>

Both bronchiolitis and bronchitis require supportive care. Supportive care focuses on managing and relieving symptoms. Treatment at home is often sufficient and both conditions usually resolve without complications. However, the following treatments may also help.

<h2>Bronchiolitis Treatment </h2>

Bronchitis symptoms can be treated in the following ways.

<ul>
	<li>
	Use of saline nasal spray
	</li>
	<li>
	Sleeping with the head elevated helps to make breathing easier
	</li>
	<li>
	Oxygen therapy helps children who have low oxygen levels and need to be hospitalized
	</li>
</ul>

<ul>
	<li>
	The high-flow nasal cannula reduces airway resistance and lowers air pressure, making it easier to breathe,
	</li>
</ul>

<h2>Bronchitis Treatment </h2>

A person can ease the symptoms of bronchitis by:

<ul>
	<li>
	Drinking plenty of fluids
	</li>
	<li>
	Taking adequate rest
	</li>
</ul>

<ul>
	<li>
	Using saline nasal drops
	</li>
	<li>
	Using a humidifier to add moisture to the air, making it easier to breathe
	</li>
	<li>
	Taking cough medicine
	</li>
	<li>
	Using bronchodilators such as albuterol
	</li>
</ul>

Bronchitis can also be prevented by taking annual flu shots.

Thus, while Bronchitis and Bronchiolitis are very similar, which often makes diagnosis difficult, they are different conditions. Moreover, the difference between Bronchitis and Bronchiolitis may necessitate differing treatments.

You may also like to read: <a href="https://mylofamily.com/article/bronchiectasis-meaning-types-causes-symptoms-treatment-193556">https://mylofamily.com/article/bronchiectasis-meaning-types-causes-symptoms-treatment-193556</a>

Infant breathlessness is a serious matter. Sometimes, it is a problem in and of itself and requires attention. Attention, in this case, can range from at-home first aid to hospitalization. Other times, it is only a symptom to a much more dangerous life-threatening condition.

Usually, breathlessness points to diseases in the lungs, but sometimes it can be due to problems in the heart or infections that interfere with the normal functioning of the lungs. Infections take a toll on the body as a whole and cause severe exhaustion, which may also contribute to this problem.

Treatment must be immediate and sustained. Breathing problems cannot be taken lightly. Newborns who suffer from breathing issues need to be placed in a NICU immediately after birth and watched for days before they can be released. Parents have to keep on watching for any irregular symptoms at home, even after dismissal from the hospital.

IT CAN HAPPEN TO ANYONE

In a normal baby, the first breath is taken immediately after birth. When the baby is in the uterus, fluid fills the lungs. At birth, the fluid in the lungs is removed through the blood and lymph system and is replaced by air. At this point, breathing begins normally. Physical handling during labor also stimulates a baby&rsquo;s crying and helps with the first breath.

In some cases, fluid in the nose does not move and blocks the airway, causing the first breath to be delayed. In this case, a medical professional -usually a doctor or a qualified nurse- use an aspirator to draw fluid from the nose and clear the airway.

The process is usually smooth and the baby starts breathing well after. If not, then an underlying cause is present and the baby is taken to a more critical care unit for oxygen masks until further tests are done.

BREATHING PROBLEMS CAN SIGNIFY HEART DISEASE

One of the most common causes of breathlessness in infants is a congenital heart defect. This defect happens when the heart is not fully developed in the fetus. It causes problems with blood flow, affecting the oxygen supply that the baby receives. 

Although this is common in preterm infants, about one-third of full-term babies born with a congenital heart defect have major defects that need surgery. This is why parents need to watch out for breathing problems even in full-term babies.

The heart and the lungs are closely related in function and depend on each other. When the heart is not operating properly, it places extreme stress on the lungs to compensate for lack of oxygen in the blood. Conversely, when the lungs are distressed, the heart is unable to function normally. Whatever the initial cause is, breathlessness is a dangerous result.

IT MAKES BABIES SWEAT

A common symptom of breathlessness is sweating. This is particularly worrying because it is unusual in infants and it happens in irregular places such as around the lips or on the nose. It is usually accompanied by crying and restlessness.

The reason for this symptom is related to effort. Think about how strenuous exercise causes increased heart rate and excess sweating in adults. It is the same for infants.

When an infant is struggling to breathe, this places extra stress on the body, particularly the lungs and the surrounding muscles. Muscles start using more energy than normal in an attempt to breathe, resulting in sweating as if the baby is exercising. It is also evident when the baby is having an episode of shortness of breath and gasping.

SUNKEN ABDOMEN

The abdomen visibly changes during the shortness of breath. When a baby inhales, the abdomen looks extremely sucked in, to the point that the ribs are clearly visible from under the skin. When the baby exhales, the abdomen is distended and pushed out.

This is because the abdomen reflects the movement in the lungs, which becomes extreme as inhalation and exhalation are attempted. The trachea, which is directly above the abdomen and in the middle of the ribs, also moves vigorously with the breathing movement.

Normal breathing moves the abdomen as well, but the movements are slight and slow. Normally, breathing does not lead to suddenly visible differences in the abdomen size between inhalation and exhalation. Also, the abdomen responds to gasping. Visibility of the ribs is also a serious sign, possibly an indication of weight loss.

In such cases, the lost weight is attributed to lack of feeding and increased exhaustion due to struggling with the disease or the infection causing shortness of breath.

MAKES BABIES APPEAR BLUISH

When an infant is suffering from breathlessness, he/she usually has bluish skin. The reason for that is lack of oxygen. Oxygenated blood which carries oxygen to all tissues has a red color while deoxygenated blood, which has already deposited oxygen to the tissues, is bluish.

The unusual bluish color in the skin signifies that there is deoxygenated blood where oxygenated blood should be, which means that tissues are not getting the oxygen they need.

This symptom is especially apparent in the hands and feet because those are the farthest from the heart and lungs. It becomes difficult for the blood to reach them and provide efficient oxygen, because of weak heart and lung functions. Blood is also a source of heat, so infants who have trouble breathing, hands and feet may be exceptionally cold.

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